Notacijska analiza preponskog jahanja vrhunskih jahača 2025 Stanković, Nemanja N., 1984- Stojiljković, Nenad, 1980- Milanović, Zoran R., 1985- Valev, Juri srp https://phaidrani.ni.ac.rs/o:3247 cobiss:187328777 thesis:8814 info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/at/legalcode Introduction: Success in show jumping depends on multiple factors, withtheoretical insights obtained through notational analysis providing a foundation forachieving advanced athletic performance. A limited number of authors haveinvestigated and published studies related to performance analysis in show jumping,emphasizing its importance and the need for broader integration into competitivepractice. The results of such analyses may offer predictive value in enhancingperformance outcomes. The available literature on show jumping lacks researchaimed at examining outcomes across different obstacle types and competitioncategories, particularly in relation to errors (as performance indicators) and theirpredictive influence on final results during the main phase of competition. The aimof this study was to determine the differences in notational analysis parametersamong elite riders and their association with performance outcomes at the “2022Balkan Equestrian Championship” in show jumping.Method: The necessary data were collected during the “2022 Balkan EquestrianChampionship” in show jumping, held in Romania from September 7 to 11, 2022,with participation from the national teams of Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus,North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Turkey, and Croatia. A total of 7285 jumpingactions were analyzed across 512 competition starts, performed by male and femaleathletes across five competitive categories: children, juniors, young riders, femaleriders (amazons), and seniors. The selected performance indicators for this studyincluded: successful jump over an obstacle, knockdown of an obstacle, water jumpfault, first and second refusal, first and second closed circle between two consecutivejumps, rider and/or horse fall, time penalties for each commenced second exceedingthe allowed time, exceeding the maximum allowed time, incorrectly jumpedobstacle, and elimination or withdrawal from the competition. The categoricalvariables considered were: type of obstacle, type of competition, obstacle height,obstacle width, competitor category, rider’s gender, event number, phase of thecompetition, curved approach to the obstacle, type of distance, round timing, andhorse-related data. Notational recording of performance indicators was conducted inreal-time during each competitor's performance. All collected data were processedusing the statistical software package SPSS version 19. Descriptive parameters werecalculated through the application of descriptive statistics, while the distribution ofvalues was examined using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The Wilcoxon signedranktest was used to assess differences in values of the same samples measured attwo time points. The Friedman test was used to examine differences within the samesamples measured on three or more occasions. When statistically significantdifferences were identified, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was additionally appliedto further analyze the differences. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to determinedifferences in parameter values between two independent groups. The Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to examine differences in parameter values across three ormore independent groups, and in cases of statistically significant results, post hocanalysis using the Mann–Whitney U test was conducted to explore differencesbetween group pairs. The χ² test was used to examine the proportions of casesbelonging to different categories. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used toevaluate the relationships between variables. Standard multiple regression analysiswas employed to assess the predictive power of each independent variable on thedependent variable. The confidence interval was set at 95% (95% CI), and thethreshold for statistical significance was p< 0,05.Results: Knockdowns occurred with varying average frequency depending on thetype of obstacle, with the results confirming that flat oxers and verticals were, onaverage, significantly more frequently knocked down compared to light oxers, triplebars, and obedience jumps. First refusals were more frequently recorded at flat oxersand verticals, although without a statistically significant difference between them(Sig=0,194). Falls of the rider and/or horse were extremely rare and showed nosignificant differences among obstacle types (Sig≥0,180); they were recorded onlyat verticals, flat oxers, large open water jumps (Mean=0,00; SD=0,062), andliverpools, while no falls were observed at light oxers, triple bars, or obediencejumps. When comparing parameter values between competitions judged under TableA and Table C formats, significantly higher success in faultless obstacle clearancewas observed in Table A events (Sig=0,000), along with significantly fewerincidents of incorrectly jumped obstacles (Sig=0,020). The results of this studyrevealed statistically significant differences between age categories in theparameters of successfully cleared obstacles (Sig=0,003), water jump faults(Sig=0,000), and time penalties (Sig=0,017). Furthermore, female riders, incomparison to male riders, recorded significantly higher values in the parameters offirst refusal (Sig=0,001), time penalties (Sig=0,030), and eliminations orwithdrawals from the competition (Sig=0,049). The results from the first, second,and third competitions indicated statistically significant differences (Sig<0,05) inthe parameters of successfully cleared obstacles (Sig=0,010), water jump faults(Sig=0,000), and time penalties (Sig=0,000). Significant differences were alsocalculated between the thirds of the competition rounds in terms of successfullycleared obstacles (Sig=0,000), knockdowns (Sig=0,001), and water jump faults(Sig=0,000). A significantly higher incidence of water jump faults, as well as firstand second refusals, was recorded when the approach was made from a left turncompared to a right turn (p≤0,024). In this study, straight-line distances, as comparedto curved-line approaches, resulted in a significantly higher average of successfullycleared obstacles (Sig=0,000), along with significantly fewer faults in the parametersof water jump refusals (Sig=0,000), first refusals (Sig=0,041), and second refusals(Sig=0,002). On average, water jump refusals and first refusals occurredsignificantly more often (Sig=0,000) in rounds where the allowed time wasexceeded. Knockdowns at each individual obstacle type were found to bestatistically significant predictors (Sig≤0,017), with varying impacts on the totalnumber of penalty points. First refusals at different types of obstacles showed astrong overall correlation with total penalty points (R=0,580ᵃ), explaining 33,6% ofthe total variance in penalties recorded during the main phase of competition. Withinthis model, the most dominant predictors were first refusals occurring at verticalsand flat oxers, with moderate influence, accounting for 10,63% and 11,83% of thetotal variance in penalty points, respectively.Conclusion: Different competition formats, rider gender, obstacle heights, ridercategories, and approach trajectories induce significant differences across certainperformance parameters. In general, it can be concluded that different obstacleconstructions impose varying psychophysical demands, resulting in differences inthe frequency of errors depending on the type of obstacle. Consequently, theseobstacles exhibit varying degrees of influence and predictive power on the finaloutcome, specifically in terms of total penalty points accumulated during the mainphase of the competition. The most frequent errors observed were knockdowns, firstrefusals, water jump faults, and time penalties. Verticals and flat oxers wereidentified as the most challenging obstacles. It can also be concluded that left-sidedand curved approaches present greater difficulty for riders. Biografija autora: str. 251.Bibliografija: str. 210-240. Datum odbrane: 18.12.2025. Scientific Disciplines in Sport and Physical Education Ilić, Predrag, 1961- 253 str. 4923975 bytes